Along with agricultural practices, rearing cattle, goats, horses, and sheep for both milk and meat was important for the economy. References can be observed in seed processing, food prepared from cereals, and storage of grains in large jars. Iron-made nails, hooks, bars, spikes, knives, spoons, saucepans, axes, chisels, daggers, arrowheads, bowls, tongs, and door fittings have been found in various archaeological sites.Īpart from Rigveda, later Vedic scriptures mention tin, lead, and silver as well. Rigveda, one of the four available Vedas, has used the word ‘Ayas’ to describe iron along with the process of extraction of iron. “ Indo-Aryan temple architecture” by Nagarjun is marked with CC BY 2.0.Īgni, only second to Indra, is the acceptor of sacrifices and the God of divine knowledge, while Soma supervises the sacrifices, relates with the moon and believes to bring fortune and wealth. They worshipped gods entirely different from today’s India like Indra (Highest god), Agni (god of fire), and Soma (both a god & substance source of physical strength) of which god Indra is referred to as ‘King of Gods’ in Vedic mythology with minute differences in Buddhism & Jainism.
In the aftermath of the collapse of the Indus civilization, Indo-Aryan tribes from the Caucasus and the Black Sea region migrated and inhabited north-western India, and unlike urban Indus civilization, they had rural communities and rural social order. This era from the late bronze age and early Iron age holds the origins of ‘Aryan Brahmanism’ which later developed into Hinduism, the third biggest religion in the world practised by 1.2 billion souls worldwide. ‘Veda’ means knowledge and ‘ Vedas’ are among the oldest religious works believed to have existed since the beginning, passed from generation to generation, and recognized by the orthodox Hindus as the most note-worthy spiritual authority. Initially, the fall of the Indus Civilization was attributed to the Indo-European invasion by Central Asian tribes known as ‘Aryans’, but modern research revealed that a prolonged drought period persisted for over 900 years gradually tore down its irrigation system and hence the civilization. Researchers often get death threats too as decoding these scripts can jeopardize the very foundations of Hinduism. In addition to the dispute among scholars over decipherments, some scholars even deny the existence of proper language.
Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro Civilization (3300-2000BC)Īlso Read: Careem & TDCP: Boosting Tourism in Punjab
This Neolithic era farming village and cradle of Indus Valley Civilization from the stone age was found to have been involved in the metallurgy of copper, hence putting the foundations of later bronze age Harappan civilization, with doorless rectangular buildings of sun-dried brick while also providing references to the first known dentists in human history, from a mass grave found with 300 drilled human molars. Spreading over 450 acres (2km²), it was discovered in 1974 by French Archeologist Jean-François Jarrige. “Mehrgarh is one of the ancient civilizations of the world, dating back 11,000 years,” claimed Shah Muhammad Marri, a Baloch historian. In Pakistan, 130km east of Quetta, near the Bolan river, lies the remains of one of the ancient civilizations with origins going back to 7000 BC. Indus Valley Civilization Mehrgarh Civilization (7000BC-3300BC)īefore the Ancient Greeks came up with democracy, before the Mayan Civilization thrived in astronomy, and even thousands of years before the Egyptians had built pyramids, there was Mehrgarh.